Role of Environmental Simulation at the Early Stage of Design in Order to Achieve Outdoor Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Ekbatan and Apadana Residential Complexes in Tehran, Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

3 School of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Outdoor environment and its requirement are one of the crucial issues of the designer especially in the residential complexes .early stage simulation is a method which is considered in many studies and projects to demonstrate and predict the environmental performance of the buildings. Therefore in this study to assess the importance of the early-stage environmental consideration through simulation method using both simulation tools and experimental measurement of the environmental parameters. Thus Envi-met 4 is used for simulation purposes and data logger (Lutron LM-8000) is used for frequent measurements. In order to show the accuracy of the simulated Tmrt, the measured data are put into the formula of the Tmrt and all of the calculations are done via Grasshopper parametric tool. Ekbatan residential complex is more prone to have a comfortable environment in comparison with the Apadana residential complex but the best happens in the simulated residential complex. The finding of this study demonstrates that if at the earlystage of the design process, the environmental parameter takesinto consideration,the final real output will be more satisfactory in terms of outdoor thermal comfort.

Keywords

References

  1. Akbari, Y. W. U. B. H. (2015). Comparing the effects of Urban Heat Island Mitigation. Journal of molecular biology, 342(1), 131-143.
  2. Ali-Toudert, F., & Mayer, H. (2006). Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Building and environment, 41(2), 94-108.‏
  3. Aniello, C., Morgan, K., Busbey, A., & Newland, L. (1995). Mapping micro-urban heat islands using Landsat TM and a GIS. Computers & Geosciences, 21(8), 965-969.
  4. Asimakopoulos, D. A., Santamouris, M., Farrou, I., Laskari, M., Saliari, M., Zanis, G., ... & Zerefos, S. C. (2012).Modelling the energy demand projection of the building sector in Greece in the 21st century. Energy and Buildings, 49, 488-498.‏
  5. Attia, S., Gratia, E., De Herde, A., & Hensen, J. L. (2012). Simulation-based decision support tool for early stages of zero-energy building design. Energy and buildings, 49, 2-15.‏
  6. Bruse, M., & Fleer, H. (1998). Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 13(3), 373-384.
  7. Bulmer, D. (2001). How can computer simulated visualizations of the built environment facilitate better public participation in the planning process. Online Planning Journal, 11, 1-43.
  8. Chen, L., & Ng, E. (2012). Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: A review of research in the past decade. Cities, 29(2), 118-125.‏
  9. Christensen, V., & Walters, C. J. (2004). Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations. Ecological modelling, 172(2), 109-139.
  10. Das, D. (2008). Urban Quality of Life: A Case Study of Guwahati, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Soc Indic Res 88:297–310.
  11. Faizi, F., Noorani, M., Ghaedi, A., & Mahdavinejad, M. (2011). Design an optimum pattern of orientation in residential complexes by analyzing the level of energy consumption (case study: Maskan Mehr Complexes, Tehran, Iran). Procedia Engineering, 21, 1179-1187.
  12. Fuentes-Cortés, L. F., Ávila-Hernández, A., Serna-González, M., & Ponce-Ortega, J. M. (2015). Optimal design of CHP systems for housing complexes involving weather and electric market variations. Applied Thermal Engineering, 90, 895-906.
  13. Goshayeshi, D., Shahidan, M. F., Khafi, F., & Ehtesham, E. (2013). A review of researches about human thermal comfort in semi-outdoor spaces. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2(4), 516.
  14. Granadeiro, V., Duarte, J. P., Correia, J. R., & Leal, V. M. (2013). Building envelope shape design in early stages of the design process: Integrating architectural design systems and energy simulation. Automation in Construction, 32, 196-209.
  15. Heidari,S(2011). Thermal comfort temperature of people of Tehran.Iran. jounal of fine arts- Architectural and urbanisim, NO 38.Pp5-14.
  16. Huttner, S., & Bruse, M. (2009, June). Numerical modeling of the urban climate–a preview on ENVI-met 4.0. In 7th International Confere
  17. Huttner, S., Bruse, M., & Dostal, P. (2008, October). Using ENVI-met to simulate the impact of global warming on the microclimate in central European cities. In 5th Japanese-German Meeting on Urban Climatology (Vol. 18, pp. 307-312).
  18. Hwang, R. L., & Lin, T. P. (2007). Thermal comfort requirements for occupants of semi-outdoor and outdoor environments in hot-humid regions. Architectural Science Review, 50(4), 357-364.‏
  19. Hwang, R. L., Lin, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2011). Seasonal effects of urban street shading on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 46(4), 863-870.
  20. Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2006). Impacts of urban environmental elements on residential housing prices in Guangzhou (China). Landscape and Urban Planning, 78(4), 422-434.
  21. Knez, I., & Thorsson, S. (2006). Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. International journal of biometeorology, 50(5), 258-268.
  22. Knez, I., & Thorsson, S. (2008). Thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a park: cross-cultural and environmental attitude comparisons. Building and Environment, 43(9), 1483-1490.
  23. Konis, K., Gamas, A., & Kensek, K. (2016). Passive performance and building form: An optimization framework for early-stage design support. Solar Energy, 125, 161-179.
  24. Lai, D., Guo, D., Hou, Y., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2014). Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in northern China. Building and Environment, 77, 110-118.
  25. Lai, D., Guo, D., Hou, Y., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2014). Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in northern China. Building and Environment, 77, 110-118.‏
  26. Li, K., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2016). Outdoor thermal comfort and activities in the urban residential community in a humid subtropical area of China. Energy and Buildings, 133, 498-511.
  27. Li, Zhang.,Qingming, Zhan., Yuliang, Lan. (2017). Effects of the tree distribution and species on outdoor environment conditions in a hot summer and cold winter zone: A case study in Wuhan residential quarters. Building and Environment. Volume 130, 15 February 2018, Pages 27–39.
  28. Liang, H. H., & Huang, K. T. (2011). Study on rooftop outdoor thermal environment and slab insulation performance of grass planted roof. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(1), 65-73.
  29. Lin, B., Li, X., Zhu, Y., & Qin, Y. (2008). Numerical simulation studies of the different vegetation patterns’ effects on outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96(10), 1707-1718.
  30. Lin, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2008). Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(4), 281-290.
  31. Lin, T. P., Matzarakis, A., & Hwang, R. L. (2010). Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 45(1), 213-221.
  32. Lin, T. P., Tsai, K. T., Liao, C. C., & Huang, Y. C. (2013). Effects of thermal comfort and adaptation on park attendance regarding different shading levels and activity types. Building and Environment, 59, 599-611.
  33. Lindberg, F., Holmer, B., & Thorsson, S. (2008). SOLWEIG 1.0–Modelling spatial variations of 3D radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban settings. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(7), 697-713.
  34. Makaremi, N., Salleh, E., Jaafar, M. Z., & GhaffarianHoseini, A. (2012). Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia. Building and environment, 48, 7-14.
  35. Matzarakis, A., Fröhlich, D., & Gangwisch, M. (2016). Effect of radiation and wind on thermal comfort in urban environments–Application of the RayMan and SkyHelios model. In 4th International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Island, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
  36. Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2007). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model. International journal of biometeorology, 51(4), 323-334.
  37. Miyamoto, A., Trigaux, D., Nguyen Van, T., Allacker, K., & De Troyer, F. (2016, June). From a Simple Tool for Energy Efficient Design in the Early Design Phase to Dynamic Simulations in a Later Design Stage. In Expanding Boundaries: Systems Thinking for the Built Environment (pp. 556-561). vdf Hochschulverlag.‏
  38. Nakano, J., & Tanabe, S. I. (2004). Thermal Comfort and Adaptation in Semi-Outdoor Environments. ASHRAE Transactions, 110(2).‏
  39. Nakayoshi, M., Kanda, M., Shi, R., & de Dear, R. (2015). Outdoor thermal physiology along human pathways: a study using a wearable measurement system. International journal of biometeorology, 59(5), 503-515.
  40. Nasrollahi, N., Hatami, Z., & Taleghani, M. (2017). Development of outdoor thermal comfort model for tourists in urban historical areas; A case study in Isfahan. Building and Environment, 125, 356-372.
  41. Nazarian, N., Fan, J., Sin, T., Norford, L., & Kleissl, J. (2017). Predicting outdoor thermal comfort in urban environments: A 3D numerical model for standard effective temperature. Urban Climate, 20, 251-267.
  42. Negendahl, K. (2015). Building performance simulation in the early design stage: An introduction to integrated dynamic models. Automation in Construction, 54, 39-53.‏
  43. Nichol J, Wong MS.( 2005). Modelling urban environmental quality in a tropical city. Lansdcape and Urban Planning;75:49–58.
  44. Nikolopoulou, M., & Lykoudis, S. (2006). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Building and Environment, 41(11), 1455-1470.
  45. Ochoa, C. E., & Capeluto, I. G. (2009). Advice tool for early design stages of intelligent facades based on energy and visual comfort approach. Energy and Buildings, 41(5), 480-488.‏
  46. Ojaghlou, M., Khakzand, M. (2017). Cooling Effect of Shaded Open Spaces on Long-term Outdoor Comfort by Evaluation of UTCI Index in two Universities of Tehran.. Space Ontology International Journal, 6(2), 9-26.
  47. Oliveira, S., Marco, E., Getting, B., & Organ, S. (2016). Outwith domain... within terrain-Effects of early design energy modelling on architects' design practice.
  48. Onomura, S., Grimmond, C. S. B., Lindberg, F., Holmer, B., & Thorsson, S. (2015). Meteorological forcing data for urban outdoor thermal comfort models from a coupled convective boundary layer and surface energy balance scheme. Urban Climate, 11, 1-23.
  49. Peng, L. L., & Jim, C. Y. (2013). Green-roof effects on neighborhood microclimate and human thermal sensation. Energies, 6(2), 598-618.
  50. Pout, C. H., MacKenzie, F., & Bettle, R. (2002). Carbon dioxide emissions from non-domestic buildings: 2000 and beyond. CRC, Construction Research Communications Limited.
  51. Salata, F., Golasi, I., de Lieto Vollaro, R., & de Lieto Vollaro, A. (2016). Urban microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. A proper procedure to fit ENVI-met simulation outputs to experimental data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 318-343.
  52. Salata, F., Golasi, I., de Lieto Vollaro, R., & de Lieto Vollaro, A. (2016). Urban microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. A proper procedure to fit ENVI-met simulation outputs to experimental data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 318-343.
  53. Santamouris, M., & Kolokotsa, D. (2015). On the impact of urban overheating and extreme climatic conditions on housing, energy, comfort and environmental quality of vulnerable population in Europe. Energy and Buildings, 98, 125-133.
  54. Moradi, S., Matin, M., Fayaz, R. (2018). Analysing the Climatic Impact of Central Courtyards in Traditional Houses of Tabriz. Space Ontology International Journal, 7(1), 29-49.
  55. Schlueter, A., & Thesseling, F. (2009). Building information model based energy/exergy performance assessment in early design stages. Automation in construction, 18(2), 153-163.‏
  56. Spagnolo, J., & De Dear, R. (2003). A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia. Building and environment, 38(5), 721-738.‏
  57. Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M., & van den Dobbelsteen, A. (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Building and Environment, 83, 65-78.
  58. Taleghani, M., Sailor, D., & Ban-Weiss, G. A. (2016). Micrometeorological simulations to predict the impacts of heat mitigation strategies on pedestrian thermal comfort in a Los Angeles neighborhood. Environmental Research Letters, 11(2), 024003.
  59. Teller, J., & Azar, S. (2001). Townscope II—a computer system to support solar access decision-making. Solar energy, 70(3), 187-200.
  60. Thorsson, S., Lindqvist, M., & Lindqvist, S. (2004). Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48(3), 149-156.
  61. Tseliou, A., Tsiros, I. X., Lykoudis, S., & Nikolopoulou, M. (2010). An evaluation of three biometeorological indices for human thermal comfort in urban outdoor areas under real climatic conditions. Building and Environment, 45(5), 1346-1352.
  62. Turrin, M., Von Buelow, P., Kilian, A., & Stouffs, R. (2012). Performative skins for passive climatic comfort: A parametric design process. Automation in Construction, 22, 36-50.
  63. Van Hooff, T., & Blocken, B. (2010). On the effect of wind direction and urban surroundings on natural ventilation of a large semi-enclosed stadium. Computers & Fluids, 39(7), 1146-1155.‏
  64. Wilson, E., Nicol, F., Nanayakkara, L., & Ueberjahn-Tritta, A. (2008). Public urban open space and human thermal comfort: the implications of alternative climate change and socio-economic scenarios. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 10(1), 31-45.
  65. Wong NH, Jusuf SK, Win AL, Thu HK, Negara TS, Xuchao W.( 2007). Environmental study of the impact of greenery in an institutional campus in the tropics. Building and Environment;42:2949e70.
  66. Wu, Z., Kong, F., Wang, Y., Sun, R., & Chen, L. (2016). The impact of greenspace on thermal comfort in a residential quarter of Beijing, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(12), 1217.
  67. Xi, T., Ding, J., Jin, H., & Mochida, A. (2017). Study on the Influence of Piloti Ratio on Thermal Comfort of Residential Blocks by Local Thermal Comfort Adaptation Survey and CFD Simulations. Energy Procedia, 134, 712-722.
  68. Xi, T., Jin, H., Mochida, A., & Ding, J. (2017, June). Research on the influence of piloti on residential block’s outdoor thermal comfort by questionnaire survey and coupled simulation method in Guangzhou, China. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 69, No. 1, p. 012003). IOP Publishing.
  69. Yahia, M. W., & Johansson, E. (2014). Landscape interventions in improving thermal comfort in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria—The example of residential spaces with detached buildings. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 1-16.
Space Ontology International Journal
Volume 7, Issue 4 - Serial Number 27
December 2018
Pages 65-80

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics